In an era of countless content offerings, recommender systems alleviate information overload by providing users with personalized content suggestions. Due to the scarcity of explicit user feedback, modern recommender systems typically optimize for the same fixed combination of implicit feedback signals across all users. However, this approach disregards a growing body of work highlighting that (i) implicit signals can be used by users in diverse ways, signaling anything from satisfaction to active dislike, and (ii) different users communicate preferences in different ways. We propose applying the recent Interaction Grounded Learning (IGL) paradigm to address the challenge of learning representations of diverse user communication modalities. Rather than taking a fixed, human-designed reward function, IGL is able to learn personalized reward functions for different users and then optimize directly for the latent user satisfaction. We demonstrate the success of IGL with experiments using simulations as well as with real-world production traces.

设计有效的通用上下文盗版算法，这些算法与大型甚至连续的动作空间一起使用，将有助于应用于重要场景，例如信息检索，推荐系统和连续控制。尽管获得标准的遗憾保证可能是无望的，但已经提出了另一种遗憾的观念来解决大型行动。我们为上下文土匪提出了一个平稳的遗憾概念，该概念主导了先前提出的替代方案。我们在统计和计算高效的算法上设计了一种在标准监督的甲骨文中与一般功能近似作用的统计和高效算法。我们还提出了一种自适应算法，该算法会自动适应任何平滑度。我们的算法可用于在标准遗憾的情况下恢复以前的minimax/pareto最佳保证我们提出的算法。

顺序决策中的一个核心问题是开发实用且计算上有效的算法，但支持灵活的通用模型的使用。关注上下文匪徒问题，最近的进度在可能的替代品数量（“动作”）很小时提供了可证明的有效算法，并具有很强的经验性能，但是在大型，连续的行动空间中进行决策的保证仍然难以捉摸，导致了重要的重要性理论与实践之间的差距。我们介绍了具有连续线性结构化作用空间的上下文匪徒的第一个有效的通用算法。我们的算法利用了（i）监督学习的计算序列，以及（ii）在动作空间上进行优化，并实现样本复杂性，运行时和内存，独立于动作空间的大小。此外，这是简单而实用的。我们进行大规模的经验评估，并表明我们的方法通常比标准基准相比具有较高的性能和效率。

考虑互动学习的问题设定（IGL），其中学习者的目标是与环境进行最佳互动，而无需明确的奖励以依靠其政策。代理商观察上下文向量，采取行动并接收反馈向量，并使用此信息有效地优化潜在奖励功能的策略。当反馈向量包含该动作时，事先分析的方法失败了，这在许多潜在方案中显着限制了IGL的成功，例如脑部计算机界面（BCI）或人类计算机界面（HCI）应用程序。我们通过创建算法和分析来解决这一问题，该算法和分析即使反馈向量包含以任何方式编码的动作，允许IGL起作用。我们根据监督数据集提供理论保证和大规模实验，以证明新方法的有效性。

使用悲观，推理缺乏详尽的勘探数据集时的脱机强化学习最近颇具知名度。尽管它增加了算法的鲁棒性，过于悲观的推理可以在排除利好政策的发现，这是流行的基于红利悲观的问题同样有害。在本文中，我们介绍一般函数近似的Bellman-一致悲观的概念：不是计算逐点下界的值的功能，我们在超过设定的与贝尔曼方程一致的功能的初始状态实现悲观。我们的理论保证只需要贝尔曼封闭性作为探索性的设置标准，其中基于奖金的情况下的悲观情绪未能提供担保。即使在线性函数逼近的特殊情况下更强的表现力假设成立，我们的结果由$ \ mathcal {}Ø（d）在其样品的复杂$在最近的基于奖金的方法改善的时候，动作的空间是有限的。值得注意的是，我们的算法，能够自动适应事后最好的偏差 - 方差折中，而大多数现有的方法中需要调整的额外超参数的先验。

The success of neural networks builds to a large extent on their ability to create internal knowledge representations from real-world high-dimensional data, such as images, sound, or text. Approaches to extract and present these representations, in order to explain the neural network's decisions, is an active and multifaceted research field. To gain a deeper understanding of a central aspect of this field, we have performed a targeted review focusing on research that aims to associate internal representations with human understandable concepts. In doing this, we added a perspective on the existing research by using primarily deductive nomological explanations as a proposed taxonomy. We find this taxonomy and theories of causality, useful for understanding what can be expected, and not expected, from neural network explanations. The analysis additionally uncovers an ambiguity in the reviewed literature related to the goal of model explainability; is it understanding the ML model or, is it actionable explanations useful in the deployment domain?

Many problems in machine learning involve bilevel optimization (BLO), including hyperparameter optimization, meta-learning, and dataset distillation. Bilevel problems consist of two nested sub-problems, called the outer and inner problems, respectively. In practice, often at least one of these sub-problems is overparameterized. In this case, there are many ways to choose among optima that achieve equivalent objective values. Inspired by recent studies of the implicit bias induced by optimization algorithms in single-level optimization, we investigate the implicit bias of gradient-based algorithms for bilevel optimization. We delineate two standard BLO methods -- cold-start and warm-start -- and show that the converged solution or long-run behavior depends to a large degree on these and other algorithmic choices, such as the hypergradient approximation. We also show that the inner solutions obtained by warm-start BLO can encode a surprising amount of information about the outer objective, even when the outer parameters are low-dimensional. We believe that implicit bias deserves as central a role in the study of bilevel optimization as it has attained in the study of single-level neural net optimization.

An expansion of aberrant brain cells is referred to as a brain tumor. The brain's architecture is extremely intricate, with several regions controlling various nervous system processes. Any portion of the brain or skull can develop a brain tumor, including the brain's protective coating, the base of the skull, the brainstem, the sinuses, the nasal cavity, and many other places. Over the past ten years, numerous developments in the field of computer-aided brain tumor diagnosis have been made. Recently, instance segmentation has attracted a lot of interest in numerous computer vision applications. It seeks to assign various IDs to various scene objects, even if they are members of the same class. Typically, a two-stage pipeline is used to perform instance segmentation. This study shows brain cancer segmentation using YOLOv5. Yolo takes dataset as picture format and corresponding text file. You Only Look Once (YOLO) is a viral and widely used algorithm. YOLO is famous for its object recognition properties. You Only Look Once (YOLO) is a popular algorithm that has gone viral. YOLO is well known for its ability to identify objects. YOLO V2, V3, V4, and V5 are some of the YOLO latest versions that experts have published in recent years. Early brain tumor detection is one of the most important jobs that neurologists and radiologists have. However, it can be difficult and error-prone to manually identify and segment brain tumors from Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data. For making an early diagnosis of the condition, an automated brain tumor detection system is necessary. The model of the research paper has three classes. They are respectively Meningioma, Pituitary, Glioma. The results show that, our model achieves competitive accuracy, in terms of runtime usage of M2 10 core GPU.

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language understanding and generation, but the quality bar for medical and clinical applications is high. Today, attempts to assess models' clinical knowledge typically rely on automated evaluations on limited benchmarks. There is no standard to evaluate model predictions and reasoning across a breadth of tasks. To address this, we present MultiMedQA, a benchmark combining six existing open question answering datasets spanning professional medical exams, research, and consumer queries; and HealthSearchQA, a new free-response dataset of medical questions searched online. We propose a framework for human evaluation of model answers along multiple axes including factuality, precision, possible harm, and bias. In addition, we evaluate PaLM (a 540-billion parameter LLM) and its instruction-tuned variant, Flan-PaLM, on MultiMedQA. Using a combination of prompting strategies, Flan-PaLM achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on every MultiMedQA multiple-choice dataset (MedQA, MedMCQA, PubMedQA, MMLU clinical topics), including 67.6% accuracy on MedQA (US Medical License Exam questions), surpassing prior state-of-the-art by over 17%. However, human evaluation reveals key gaps in Flan-PaLM responses. To resolve this we introduce instruction prompt tuning, a parameter-efficient approach for aligning LLMs to new domains using a few exemplars. The resulting model, Med-PaLM, performs encouragingly, but remains inferior to clinicians. We show that comprehension, recall of knowledge, and medical reasoning improve with model scale and instruction prompt tuning, suggesting the potential utility of LLMs in medicine. Our human evaluations reveal important limitations of today's models, reinforcing the importance of both evaluation frameworks and method development in creating safe, helpful LLM models for clinical applications.

Migraine is a high-prevalence and disabling neurological disorder. However, information migraine management in real-world settings could be limited to traditional health information sources. In this paper, we (i) verify that there is substantial migraine-related chatter available on social media (Twitter and Reddit), self-reported by migraine sufferers; (ii) develop a platform-independent text classification system for automatically detecting self-reported migraine-related posts, and (iii) conduct analyses of the self-reported posts to assess the utility of social media for studying this problem. We manually annotated 5750 Twitter posts and 302 Reddit posts. Our system achieved an F1 score of 0.90 on Twitter and 0.93 on Reddit. Analysis of information posted by our 'migraine cohort' revealed the presence of a plethora of relevant information about migraine therapies and patient sentiments associated with them. Our study forms the foundation for conducting an in-depth analysis of migraine-related information using social media data.